When most people hear about a traffic crash, they immediately look for a cause: a distracted driver, a pedestrian who wasn't paying attention, or someone who made a mistake.

But for Malisa McCreedy, Transportation Manager for the City of Ann Arbor, Michigan, the most important question is often much bigger than that.

As Ann Arbor implemented the goals of its Moving Together Toward​ Vision Zero Comprehensive Transportation Plan, city leaders recognized that crashes are rarely isolated events. Crashes are the product of a system: street design, speed, visibility, land use, lighting, enforcement, expectations, and countless other factors that shape how people move through a place every day.

That realization led the city to create a multidisciplinary Crash Response team that meets monthly to review serious crashes that occur in the city. Representatives from the police department sit alongside city staff responsible for every aspect of the public right-of-way, from day-to-day operations to long-range planning. This team examines what happened, but more importantly, they ask why the system produced that outcome.

The Work Wasn't Always Easy

As the Crash Response team dug deeper into crash analysis, they discovered that understanding  the crash and explaining the contributing factors were often two different challenges. Ann Arbor Staff could identify multiple contributing factors, but communicating those findings to the public proved difficult. Community advocates wanted answers. Residents wanted accountability. Yet reducing a crash to a single cause often obscured what the city was learning.

Malisa in her role as Transportation Manager introduced the Strong Towns' Crash Analysis Studio to her team to tackle this struggle. The Crash Response Team strengthened both their review process and their ability to communicate what they were finding. The Studio helped shift conversations away from blame and towards understanding. Instead of asking who was at fault, the Crash Response Team became better equipped to ask what conditions contributed to the crash and what changes could make future crashes less likely.

Just as importantly, Malisa discovered that Ann Arbor was not alone in this work. Through Strong Towns, city staff were connected to a broader community of practitioners, local leaders, and transportation professionals grappling with many of the same questions. How do you talk about crashes without reducing them to a single cause? How do you help residents understand the role that street design plays in safety outcomes? How do you create space for learning while still responding to community concerns? The value wasn't simply a new process. It was the confidence that comes from learning alongside others who are committed to making their communities safer.

That shift has had real results. Ann Arbor has seen a reduction in overall crashes and is now able to focus more attention on the most serious crashes as it continues pursuing its Vision Zero Comprehensive Transportation Plan objectives.

What makes this story compelling is not that Ann Arbor found a simple answer. It's that city staff embraced the complexity of the challenge.

Strong Towns often talks about the danger of false confidence. Cities are complex systems, and meaningful change rarely comes from a single solution. It comes from observation, learning, collaboration, and the willingness to ask better questions.

Malisa's work demonstrates what that looks like in practice.

As a Strong Towns member, Malisa is helping bring these ideas into the daily work of local government. She is showing that safer streets are built not through certainty, but through curiosity, humility, and a commitment to learning from every experience.

Strong Towns members make this work possible. Their support helps communities access programs like Crash Analysis Studio, connect with peers facing similar challenges, and build the capacity to learn from experience. Members are not simply supporting an organization. They are helping create a movement where local leaders can find the tools, encouragement, and relationships needed to take the next prudent step toward safer and stronger places.

That work doesn't happen all at once. It happens one conversation, one crash review, and one lesson at a time.

When people talk about traffic safety after a serious crash, the conversation often begins with a simple question: Who was at fault?

It's an understandable question. It is also often the wrong place to start.

That realization shaped the work of Michelle Melin-Rogvin, a Village Commissioner in Forest Park, Illinois, and a Strong Towns member participating in the 2025–2026 Strong Towns Cohort.

Forest Park is a small community with relatively few roadway fatalities. Yet village leaders have seen a troubling number of serious crashes and near misses. Like many communities, Forest Park already had a Traffic Safety Commission dedicated to addressing these concerns. The challenge was not a lack of commitment towards safer streets. It was a lack of structure to take action.

When crash reports came before the Commission, the contributing factors were often unclear. Discussions quickly became unfocused, and meetings frequently ended without a clear path forward. The Commission had people who cared deeply about safety, but it lacked a framework for understanding what a crash might reveal about the broader transportation system.

As part of her Cohort project, Michelle explored a question many local leaders face: How do you shift the conversation?

Through Strong Towns, she was introduced to the Crash Analysis Studio. Rather than focusing on a single person to blame, the Crash Analysis Studio encourages communities to look at the many factors that contribute to a crash: street design, visibility, speed, land use, traffic patterns, and more.

Michelle began applying that mindset in Forest Park. She started by asking village staff to collect information beyond the initial police report after serious crashes. She encouraged staff to meet internally to identify contributing factors and then bring those findings to the Traffic Safety Commission for discussion. Instead of debating fault, The Traffic Safety Commissioners could begin exploring the next small steps that might reduce risk in the future.

The response has been encouraging. Village staff, fellow commissioners, and the mayor have all responded positively to a process that creates space for learning rather than blame.

What makes this story compelling is that Michelle did not arrive with a grand solution. She did not claim to have all the answers. Instead, she found a better way to ask questions.

That reflects one of the most important lessons of Strong Towns: our communities are complex, and meaningful change often begins with humility, curiosity, and a willingness to learn.

Strong Towns members make this work possible. Through programs like the Cohort, local leaders like Michelle gain access to ideas, tools, and peers who help them navigate difficult challenges in their own communities. The result is not a one-size-fits-all answer. It is a growing network of people learning how to make their places stronger, one prudent step at a time.

Michelle's work in Forest Park is a reminder that better conversations can lead to better outcomes. And sometimes, changing a place begins by changing the questions we ask.

When Bill Price joined Strong Towns as a member and later participated in the Strong Towns Accelerator Program, he wasn’t looking for a silver bullet.

Like many local leaders, he already understood the challenges facing his community. As Board President of the Community Design Center Rochester, he spent his time thinking about the future of Rochester, New York, and the difficult questions surrounding transportation, housing, and neighborhood development.

The problem wasn’t a lack of ideas. The problem was figuring out what to do next.

Bill and Community Design Center Rochester Executive Director Dawn Noto entered the Strong Towns Accelerator through the Confessions of a Recovering Engineer course. The program focused on transportation, an issue that resonated in Rochester. The city had already removed a downtown freeway and reconnected neighborhoods that had been divided for generations. Yet that success revealed a new challenge: once a major victory is achieved, where do you go from there?

Through the Accelerator, Bill and Dawn encountered a different way of approaching local problems. Rather than searching for a comprehensive solution, they learned to start with a clearly defined struggle, bring together the people closest to it, and identify the next smallest step.

A year later, they applied those lessons to a different challenge: housing.

Like many communities, Rochester faces a shortage of homes. But Bill and Dawn recognized that the city wasn’t lacking organizations, advocates, developers, or neighborhood leaders willing to help. What it lacked was a shared framework for moving forward together.

Drawing on ideas from the Accelerator and the Housing-Ready approach, they convened dozens of organizations working on housing issues across Rochester. Instead of debating competing solutions, participants focused on identifying the obstacles they were encountering and the struggles they were hearing throughout the community.

The result wasn’t a master plan that would sit on a shelf. It was something more practical that could result in action.

Together, the group identified four areas where coordinated action could make a meaningful difference: creating pattern books and pre-approved building plans, developing a stronger economic narrative for housing, expanding opportunities for incremental development, and streamlining permitting through a faster approval process.

Those conversations eventually led to a community housing lecture series hosted by the Community Design Center Rochester. Strong Towns participated as a keynote speaker, but the most important work happened afterward. Local leaders stayed for a four-hour workshop focused on identifying concrete next steps within each of the four focus areas.

The conversation shifted from discussing the housing crisis to determining what each group could do next. 

That shift captures something important about how Strong Towns works.

Many communities do not suffer from a lack of caring people. They suffer from a lack of connection, coordination, and confidence about where to begin. Programs like the Strong Towns Accelerator exist to help local leaders navigate that complexity, connect with peers, and discover practical next steps that build momentum over time.

As a Strong Towns member, Bill helped bring those lessons home to Rochester.

The goal was never to solve housing issues overnight. The goal was to help his community take the next prudent step.

And then the next one after that, and the next one after that. 

That’s how strong towns are built.

In 1908, regular recipients of the Sears, Roebuck & Co. Catalogue were offered another publication in the mail: the Book of Modern Homes and Building Plans. Within its pages were 44 home design and construction kits that customers could purchase for as little as $360 — roughly $15,000 today when adjusted for inflation. The homes were shipped by railroad boxcar almost anywhere in the United States or Canada in crates containing nearly everything needed for building, from the lumber and nails to the wallpaper and fixtures.

By 1916, innovations such as pre-cut lumber and an early form of drywall further reduced both costs and construction time. These changes also made it possible to build homes without relying on master carpenters or tradesmen. Construction often became a family and community effort, with even people possessing only basic building knowledge able to contribute. Competitors soon followed Sears into the market, and by the end of the Second World War more than 100,000 catalog or "kit" homes had been built across North America.

Sears Homes helped bring the dream of homeownership within reach for middle- and working-class Americans. Additionally, for many Black Americans it became a way to achieve said goal without the fear of being turned away at the local hardware store, or being charged more money for the same tools and materials simply because of the color of their skin. More than a century later, amid rising housing costs and an affordability crisis, Detroit is revisiting this antique, yet salient, idea.

Earlier this month, the City of Detroit put out an RFP (request for proposals) for a series of pre-approved housing plans that will cut through the red tape of permitting delays, restrictively zoned neighborhoods, and the comparatively small residential lot sizes of the city. The goal is twofold: lower development barriers, and ensure that new housing fits the character of existing neighborhoods.

While the program is not a panacea for the broader housing affordability crisis (rising labor and material expenses will remain major challenges) a library of pre-approved designs could significantly reduce bureaucratic delays and administrative overhead for developers both large and small. The RFP document itself lays out the City’s thinking; “Once designed, the building plans are available for public use and have a pre-approval status such that complete applications could be approved to build in a matter of days.” 

Initially, the program will focus on single-family detached homes as part of Mayor Mary Sheffield’s goal of adding 1,000 such structures to the city during her first term. Although this effort’s focus is currently limited to that type of housing based on the Mayor’s campaign promise, there is no reason that the concept could not eventually expand to include duplexes, fourplexes, and small apartment buildings.

Many of Detroit’s pre-World War II neighborhoods already contain these types of housing stock and other cities — including Michigan’s own Kalamazoo — have incorporated them into similar pre-approved design libraries. With the RFP specifying that the designs must take into account the existing character of these neighborhoods this may well put at ease critics who worry that contemporary architectural designs do not mesh well with the historic homes of older neighborhoods.

The hope is that the new builds will fit seamlessly in among existing homes and structures that are often approaching their 100th birthdays: many of them being the very Sears Homes that form the kernel of this idea in the first place. Homes built over a century apart, but linked through time by now over a century of an excellent idea.

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This article was originally published, in slightly different form, by the Local Conversation group Strong Towns Detroit. It is shared here with permission.

Transportation in Duluth, Minnesota, had a pivotal year in 2025. The resurfacing of Sixth Avenue East in the Hillside neighborhood made a previously unapproachable corridor more pedestrian-friendly. Duluth also welcomed a new BikeMN chapter, Vibrant Streets Duluth, and city councilors voted unanimously to establish the city’s first transportation commission.

In early December, members of Vibrant Streets Duluth, supported by Councilors Azrin Awal, Deborah DeLuca and Roz Randorf, introduced a motion to explore redesigning First Street downtown as a “Flow Street.” The proposal asks the new transportation commission to study the concept and return with recommendations within nine months of its first meeting.

What is a Flow Street?

Flow Streets build on the Slow Streets movement, which began in Europe and Canada and expanded across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cities sought safer ways for people to move and exercise while maintaining distance. Since 2020, versions of Slow Streets have appeared in cities such as San Francisco, Portland and Seattle.

Slow Streets typically include speed limits under 20 mph, signage discouraging cut-through traffic and protective elements such as bollards near crosswalks, sidewalks or bike lanes.

Flow Streets expand on that approach. Vibrant Streets Duluth describes them as “safe, comfortable, low-vehicle-traffic routes that prioritize community-building through active transportation.” Rather than eliminating cars, the concept aims to rebalance spaces with slow speeds so walking, rolling, biking and driving can coexist more safely and comfortably, all while allowing for cars and delivery vehicles to maintain access to properties and parking.

Why First Street?

Just one block uphill from Duluth’s main downtown corridor, First Street was recently converted to two-way traffic. About 25 blocks — from Sixth Avenue West to 21st Avenue East — are being considered for the Flow Street concept.

This stretch runs past multiple downtown destinations, including municipal buildings like City Hall and the Chamber of Commerce, a string of people serving non-profits including Safe Haven, PAVSA, the YMCA, and United Way, and accesses many of Duluth’s healthcare buildings like WE Health, Essentia Health, and Aspirus. First Street is also home to several long-standing historical buildings and spaces, such as the Building for Women and the Clayton Jackson McGhie Memorial.

Libby Bent, a founding member of Vibrant Streets Duluth and longtime bike commuter, says First Street has long served as a practical route through downtown because of its relatively low traffic volumes, flat terrain and proximity to amenities. As Duluth works to revitalize downtown, Bent says a calmer, multimodal street could help people more easily connect with local businesses and organizations — interactions often missed when traveling by car.

At the same time, parts of the corridor show visible disinvestment, including fire-damaged buildings, vacant lots and underused properties. Mary Faulkner, Executive Director at the Program for Aid to Victims of Sexual Assault (PAVSA), located in the Building for Women on First Street notes; “The proposed changes would increase the accessibility and safety of our neighborhood and create a more conducive environment for seeking healing and wellness. Our First Street neighborhood has so much potential and is ready for revitalization efforts that have been so successful across Duluth.

A Flow Street could help reshape not only the physical environment but also the daily experience of the area by encouraging steady, human-scale activity. Other advantages, cited on the Vibrant Streets Duluth website, include a pedestrian alternative to the popular Lakewalk and a connection between downtown and Lincoln Park.

Behind the Scenes: Urban Excellence Institute

Formal study of the Flow Street concept won’t begin until city staff and City Councilors appoint members of the new transportation commission, expected to happen yet this spring. But work continues through the newly formed Urban Excellence Institute. That initiative connects stakeholders, including staff from the City of Duluth, the University of Minnesota Duluth, business owners, community non-profits and community residents, to advance projects aligned with Duluth’s Imagine Downtown Work Plan. Goals include improving safety, growing local businesses and promoting the interconnectedness of neighborhoods.

Jennifer Webb, an associate professor of art history at the University of Minnesota-Duluth, and Duluth City Planner James Gittemeier, who teaches an “Introduction to Urban Planning” course at UMD, are incorporating the Flow Street concept into their courses, engaging students in the Flow Street project and other downtown initiatives.

“We want to find ways to build capacity and include student engagement,” says Webb, adding that the university is well positioned to work with Duluth and Superior, Wisconsin — commonly known as the Twin Ports — to be collaborating. Their classes will merge efforts on a demonstration project ideas over the next few months, implemented along First Street in summer 2026.

When a Duluth Flow Street becomes reality will hinge on the city’s new transportation commission.

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This article was originally published, in slightly different form, on streets.mn. It is shared here with permission.

A hundred years ago, the American dream was the want to be a small business owner. People flocked to America in droves from around the world in search of a better life — bringing their cultural influences with them. They opened bakeries. Corner stores. Taverns. Breweries. Ice cream shops. Grocery stores. Newspaper shops. In a suburban building surrounded by parking? Absolutely not — neither cars nor zoning existed back then. These were simple two- and three-story, mixed-use, commercial buildings that were sprinkled within dense residential neighborhoods, with storefronts on the first floor and apartments above. They were built intentionally and incrementally over time with the goal to last generations.

The exterior of these legacy shops were lovely, but what went on inside was magical. These mixed-use buildings served their owners twofold: allowing for their business to thrive and providing a safe place for their family to grow. For decades, these legacy neighborhood shops within residential neighborhoods played an essential part of our society, providing jobs, food, necessities, products, and often, a third place away from home and work where people could dance, drink, learn, and socialize.

Sadly, with the rise of the automobile and nearly every city in America adopting suburban-style zoning codes in the 1950s and 60s, these neighborhood shops became illegal. We know the arguments people had…and still have today. As a zoning board official, I can hear them now: No parking? No front yard?! A commercial space in a residential neighborhood?! No way!

So what happened? Why are so many of these mixed-use buildings often vacant today? Unloved? Non-financeable? Sadly, the adoption of suburban-style zoning codes made them illegal and that, combined with increasing car dependency and our shift to corporate big-box stores, led to the ultimate demise of many of these neighborhood shops. One by one, they closed. And with each closure, the properties declined in value and neighborhoods often lost their “glue,” causing more and more people to drive to big box stores on the outskirts of town to get the needs that were once met within walking distance. If the building doesn’t have value, the banks won’t lend for repairs. Disinvestment consumes the buildings. Neighborhoods that once contributed greatly to the tax base lose property value, which means they lose taxable income for needed services. The cycle is vicious.

Today, many Americans live in legacy cities with those old legacy neighborhood shopfronts still tucked inside residential districts. Some are vacant. Others converted to residential apartments. If you’re super lucky, maybe you have an existing legacy business from yesteryear that is still in operation.

So, what can we do to bring these spaces back to life? How do we reverse this cycle? Let’s look to Buffalo, New York, as an example.

Buffalo, like many legacy cities, has a ridiculous amount of these legacy shops in residential areas (not necessarily on a main street or commercial artery), just sitting there waiting for love. A hundred years ago, it was the Italians who came to my neighborhood and built these buildings. I counted 35 of them in my neighborhood on a bike ride once. Thirty-five! Imagine 35 small businesses contributing to the local economy. If each business had two or three employees, that would be 100 jobs in the neighborhood. That's 100 people renting apartments or buying houses, shopping locally, going out to dinner, paying taxes, etc. The small spaces are humble, allowing for them to remain affordable throughout time. Their presence adds to the walkability of the neighborhood, which increases property values, and each little shop increases the strength and resilience of the local economy. This, in my humble opinion, is where we should focus economic development dollars in our neighborhoods—though sadly, it is often ignored.

Buffalo took a bold leap when we passed the Buffalo Green Code in 2017. Most of the Strong Towns folks know us for being the first major U.S. city to get rid of minimum parking requirements citywide. But we took many other bold actions in the code, one of which being Section 6.1.1.F, the neighborhood shops provision. With one paragraph (and some nuanced details), we legalized these commercial buildings sitting inside residential neighborhoods—allowed with a special use permit!  You can read the code and the specific provision details here.

Neighborhood Shops. An applicant is eligible to apply for a special use permit to establish or expand a commercial use in the N-2R or N-3R zone where the below criteria are met, irrespective of the limitations of Table 6A: These criteria are intended to allow existing commercial buildings in residential zones to be utilized to incubate small businesses and artisans in order to serve as catalysts for neighborhood revitalization, as a tool for economic development, and as an important component of the walkability of a neighborhood.

The change in the code has, without question, led to dozens of projects throughout the city. The reopening of these legacy spaces for barber shops, bodegas, halal markets, restaurants…just one small paragraph in the code has opened the door for the American dream to be fulfilled yet again.

Here are a few examples of lessons learned from Buffalo!

Tipico — Now Khari’s Cafe

Prior to the Green Code passing, we needed to build consensus around the idea of allowing these legacy neighborhood shops to be legal again. It was the Tipico Coffee project (now Khari’s Cafe) that helped the community understand that these legacy shops could be something magical. This less than 1,000-square-foot shop rounds out a corner in a historic residential neighborhood. It doesn’t have parking. Once renovated, it won several design awards and was even featured in Dwell Magazine.

A few neighbors opposed the project due to a lack of parking but quickly found out that the business was an asset. The coffee, food, and beautiful space to hold meetings worked well for the neighbors and students who attended the college down the street. And the parking problems? Believe it or not, when you have people coming and going every 15 minutes for their coffee, the parking tends to actually turn over quickly. Today it is a gem in the middle of a residential neighborhood.

Lesson for the community change makers out there: If you’re thinking about doing this kind of provision in your code, look to already existing ones in your community that people love.

Foibles Coffee & Pie

Full disclosure, I am an incremental developer in Buffalo, so this is a personal example.

Flashback to 2018. The Green Code had just passed. I got a text asking if I wanted to buy a little mixed-use building in my neighborhood. It had a boarded-up storefront (untouched since 1960) and two apartments—a perfect little project! I said, “heck yes,” because I knew about the neighborhood shops provision in the Buffalo Green Code that would allow that shopfront to be open again. Sadie Mathers, now the owner of Foibles Coffee & Pie, came by my office to pay her rent (she was an existing residential tenant) and told me about her dream to open a pie shop. We zoomed over to the vacant storefront space and in seconds, she was in love with all 550 square feet of it.

It wasn’t easy — it took several banks, construction folks, permits, and weekend painting with the family to cut costs and keep the rent affordable. It all came together in March 2020 with approval of the special use permit and nearly 20 letters of support from the community. Today, Foibles Pies is a little dream come true,  contributing to the walkability and economic resilience of the neighborhood.

Lesson for the building hackers out there: Can you bake pies with electric ovens and avoid building code hurdles? Answer: Yes, you can. We purposely avoided gas in this project. Electric mini split, electric hot water tanks, electric ovens. Because of this decision, we didn’t have to install a sprinkler system, saving tens of thousands of dollars, which helped to keep Foibles’ rent affordable.

Lesson for anyone trying to get money to do their project: If your business is food, don’t be afraid to bring food samples to your bank loan committee meetings, community engagement meetings, and, ya know, everywhere you can to lift spirits and gain support.

Eugene V. Debs Hall : A Labor History Social Club

On a very cold day in January, Chris Hawley and I walked through an old tavern in a residential neighborhood on the East Side of Buffalo. Vacant lots and an abandoned art deco train station surround the tavern — a result of using urban renewal monies over the last decade to demolish abandoned homes. This once was the heart of old Polonia but since 1950, about 85% of the population left.

Chris had a dream to open a social hall dedicated to labor union history and organizing. Vacant since 1991, the historic bar from 1914 sat cold…but completely intact. The historic tavern, two apartments upstairs, a Model T garage, and a separate house — the whole package was available for $40,000. Thanks to the efforts of a neighbor who bought it for $1 to protect it, it remained in stable condition, which allowed this project to be possible.

I looked at Chris and said, “If you don’t buy this, I will.” The numbers worked. The building was in great shape. The removal of the minimum parking requirements, combined with the neighborhood shops provision in the Green Code, allowed this old, dusty tavern to easily open again — with an easy special use permit. No variances.

We got to work! Chris took an Incremental Development training course, and the renovation financing came through. We created a board for the non-profit hall. Restored the tavern. Renovated the apartments.  A year and a half later, Eugene V. Debs social hall opened with over 200 founding members and a fully leased building.

“This project allowed me to do what I wanted to see happen as a city planner,” says Chris. “We used the Green Code as God intended: to reactivate an unsung space in a venerable old neighborhood that planners in the urban renewal and interstate era believed should not exist. A walkable vision for the East Side is viable again because the zoning regulations changed.”

Lesson learned: Incremental steps in a place that is struggling is often the only way to make financial sense of the renovation.

To be clear: These are all commercial uses in residential zoning districts, and they’re now legal.

The moral of the story is simple: these legacy neighborhood shops matter. They deserve to be loved because they give back to the community more than they take. As we look to the future and the many potential problems we will face if we allow our current development pattern to continue unchecked, we need to ask ourselves: What does America deserve to look like? I can’t say that an affordable, 550-square-foot storefront will save the world, but I can say that the provision to allow such spaces in our neighborhoods, if adopted in cities and towns across the country, could absolutely be a part of the solution.

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This article was originally published in May 2022. You can hear more from Bernice Radle this month at the Strong Towns National Gathering!

We are part of a Strong Towns Local Conversation open to everyone in the Bloomington-Normal area in Illinois. What happens in Normal impacts the rest of the region. We are in favor of infill development anywhere in the twin cities, especially in the urban cores. Walkable city centers and density are imperative to a Strong Town. However, the way the Town of Normal has been pursuing these goals, top-down thinking with lumbering megaprojects, should not be the path forward.

This way of doing things is not nimble and relies too heavily on out-of-town actors to see it through. Take a look at our Finance Decoder to show how this has impacted Normal. Right now, there are underutilized spaces in Uptown Normal that can be improved upon using the Strong Towns approach to development: incrementalism. We will outline our alternative in this post.

The History of “Uptown” Normal and Its Renewal

Before there was an Uptown Normal, there was “Downtown Normal.” The quaint middle American business district akin to many others across the Midwest: mom and pop shops with offices and apartments above, relatively narrow lots, and many beautiful brick facades. The streetcar and interurban system linked Normal with Bloomington and the rest of central Illinois. There was no traffic circle in the center of the community, rather an awkward intersection of various streets and railroads pictured below.

Just like many other business districts across the country and especially the Midwest, since the 1960s, Normal’s downtown has hollowed out and declined because of the explosion of suburban-style development on the urban fringe. Buildings left in disrepair led to sagging property values, and the city did not see the urgency to invest in the urban core until the 1990s.

A new movement called New Urbanism emerged as a response to the crisis of declining urban centers across America and Normal was no different. An ambitious masterplan authored by the Chicago urbanist firm Farr Associates debuted in 1999 and the Town Council spent much capital — political and monetary — enacting it.

Over the course of more than 20 years, the Town upgraded the infrastructure, rerouted streets, created the “Uptown Circle” roundabout, moved the Children’s Discovery Museum to Uptown, leveraged federal dollars to construct a multimodal Amtrak and bus station, with municipal offices and council chambers, as well a hotels and parking decks. To say Normal’s urban core was transformed is an understatement. It is a beautiful, walkable urban center. It stitches Illinois State University well to the surrounding urban fabric, and as a student I did not need a car to access many needs and wants. It is an outstanding achievement and a testament to a local government that can get massive projects across the finish line.

Past Proposals and Analysis

One of keys to future development in Uptown has been the desire to secure a developer for the Trail East and West sites along Constitution Boulevard. There have been several proposals put forward over the past decade, but for one reason or another each project failed to get off the drawing board. Instead, these lots remain a combination of surface parking, outdoor seating, and some “outdated” buildings according to the Town.

Original Trail East Proposal (2017)

Bush Construction, a Davenport, Iowa, firm submitted a project proposal for a five-story mixed-use building along the east side of Constitution Boulevard. However, that project has been mired with problems regarding a federal lawsuit about a mural on an extant building that would have been demolished if the proposal had gone through as originally planned. City Manager Pam Reece explained why the project collapsed in 2021: “As they continued work on their financing details, they realized it wasn’t going to come together, not only because of financing but because of construction costs increases and market changes.”

In 2018, Bush Construction had calculated the total project costs would be upward of $30 million dollars, with all of the TIF money generated going back to the developer as an incentive.

Trying to assemble a capital stack of cards for a project of $30 million dollars is a tall order, and pretty much anything can knock this fragile metaphor of financing down.

2022 Trail East & West Proposal

After the first project fell through, the Town worked with Eagleview Partners of Cedar Falls, Iowa, to submit two buildings with a combined 198,400-square-foot footprint with an $50 million to $60 million estimated price tag. This proposal had 150 housing units, office space, and retail on the first floors. The last update on this project was in April of 2023, with no word since then. It is assumed the national market trends and interest rates certainly did not help the situation.

Instead of pivoting, the Town continues to seek large developers for these hypothetical megalithic structures. Perhaps it is time to turn the problem on its head: return to a type of development that enhances placemaking and maintains diverse local ownership. It’s time for an Uptown revival. Before we discuss a Strong Towns alternative to business as usual, we need to understand the problems inherent in the current system.

Problems with “Business as Usual”

The current problems with how Normal is conducting development in Uptown is the scale the Town is pushing forward in development. Large and complicated projects often require out-of-town developers, complex incentives, and deals to get across the finish line.

The Financing Hurdle

The types of buildings the Town has pursuing are so large and expensive that these multi-million dollar deals require significant capital to move from an idea to the construction site. These lumbering deals take months (more like years) to assemble and are quite vulnerable in shifts in the markets. Even proposals come through, the developer needs Town subsidies to make the project pencil.

Footprints Are Important

The large format buildings that the Town is pursuing will look nice and shiny for the first generation lifecycle of the structure, but as important maintenance dates arrive (roof replacement, foundation work, and HVAC), these massive edifices will require significant reinvestments for upkeep. Thinker Stewart Brand discusses this concept of “Shearing Layers of Change” from his 1990s book How Buildings Learn, various building systems will last longer than others. If structures like Trail East and West are constructed at once, they’ll arrive at major maintenance dates at the same time.

We think back to the behemoth of the old Front N Center Building in Downtown Bloomington as a cautionary tale. Too massive for most people to save, but too quirky for large companies to take on the rehab job. Now it is a hole in the ground and slated for parking. Large footprints bring up another issue, ownership.

The Ownership Issue

The large format buildings proposed by Town staff for Uptown will be another issue: unified ownership. For staff, this might be a plus in the short term. Only dealing with one owner versus 10 is easier for planners. However, the sheer size of these buildings will preclude ownership of this urban core property from lay citizens: the real folks that make up the urban fabric.

Unified ownership means corporate ownership. Corporate ownership usually means out-of-town control. When a building is seen as a cell on a balance for a billion dollar investment firm, local flair and character is often lost. Industry best practices tend to lean towards leaving massive ground floor commercial units empty for years in search of a chain-style restaurant, like what is seen in other large mixed-use buildings in the University District (Buffalo Wild Wings, I’m looking at you).

Lastly and most importantly in my opinion, unified ownership leads to fragility in the urban fabric. Compare the several blocks already in Uptown: the building with the Hacienda Leon and the block on Beaufort Street.

When the ground floor of a large format building, like the one in Uptown Circle, is vacant, the whole block is deadened simply because there is only one possible tenant that could go in the empty space. That block become a conduit from from place to another, not a place to be itself.

Compare that to this block on Beaufort, each building is narrow. That means that if a storefront becomes vacant, only a portion of the block will suffer. Since the shops are smaller, there is a lower barrier to entry and more local businesses can try their concepts out. A livelier street, more owners, and a more resilient ecosystem.

Uptown Revival Proposal

It is our opinion that urban revitalization happens best when done incrementally and by people who have a stake in the city that it occurs in. With that being said, these earlier proposals that have been submitted would have certainly been an improvement over the current parking lot craters that currently occupy this block.

The first step to revitalization is the activation of the area with investments with relatively low barriers to entry. The Town of Normal government should allow the parking of food trucks in the lots to keep the space active. Currently, there is a plaza that has tables and an awning for eating outside. This can be enhanced through adding some programming.

Regarding the built environment, the town should subdivide the lots along Constitution Boulevard and the entirety of Uptown South into parcels between 20 and 40 feet wide, just like the other successful buildings that make Uptown so beautiful and vibrant. Selling each lot with covenants detailing what the structures need to look like is a common alternative to a master-developed site.

Phasing vs Incrementalism

There is a difference between “phasing” of redevelopment considered by the Town and an incremental approach we desire. A masterplan conducted business-as-usual with financing for massive building is still a complicated process than can collapse on itself. An extension of the Towns core in Uptown South, is currently planned to be built in two phases, as shown below:

Each one of those proposed buildings are so large, they fit the examples given above that have failed to get off of the drawing board. Instead, we should take an incremental approach as shown here:

Smaller buildings with diversified ownership is more nimble. Our Town should be built by many hands.

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This article was originally published, in slightly different form, on Strong Towns Blono's blog. It is shared here with permission.

When most people think of Chicago, they likely conjure up images of skyscrapers, crowds gathered for photos in front of the Bean and steaming pans of deep dish pizza. But for Dr. Chloe Groome, one of the leaders behind Strong Towns Chicago, the city is home, a place where the owners of the charcuterie shop next door know her by name. That’s the version of Chicago she wants more residents to enjoy, but getting there will require the city to face some tough realities and make better choices. 

Having banned ADUs in 1957, 75% of the city’s residential land is zoned for single-family residential development only. With a billion dollar budget deficit and home prices reaching $1–2 million in some areas, the options are clear: raise property taxes beyond what most households can afford or build more.

“We talk about the missing middle of housing types, but it's not exactly missing. We know exactly where it went. It just got banished.” Dr. Groome explained in a podcast with Norm Van Eeden Petersman. “Growth in our cities should be expected … yet we artificially constrained it in so many different ways.”

Through consistent presence and intentional conversation with neighbors and Aldermen, Strong Towns Chicago has been championing incremental housing for a while. In addition to leading walking tours to discuss the need for more housing and giving comment at public meetings, Strong Towns Chicago has also partnered with Abundant Housing Illinois, to create the “4-Flats-By-Right Campaign,” a grassroots effort to legalize the four-storey walk-ups that are common in historic cities like New York, Chicago and Philadelphia. With multi-family homes banned, many of these four-story buildings have been converted to single family, reducing housing stock in the city by nearly 12,000 units since 2013. 

Getting local leaders and residents to care about this (and other) issues in a city as big as Chicago takes a focus on building relationships with residents but most strategically with local Alders. Many of the policy changes that happen in a city like Chicago are determined by the inclinations of the presiding alderman, many of whom are likely to vote in line with traditional practices. Taking time to meet with their aldermen and launch conversations about Strong Towns issues has been critical to advancing more resilient policies. 

Despite typical NIMBY pushback and fears around limited parking, city leaders are starting to listen. Earlier this year, Chicago legalized incremental housing types throughout the city with a ward-by-ward opt-in process. Many alders are embracing the change. Alderman Matt Martin of the 47th Ward said he’s seen at least 120 permits for ADUs in his ward alone.

“To be clear, I don't think that we're moving quickly enough in city government when it comes to building and preserving homes, especially affordably-priced homes for our working class neighbors,” he said. “But we are picking up the pace, and I think that's due in part to the partnership with an advocacy from organizations like Strong Towns.”

Moving Chicago toward a stronger future has also been a result of city and institutional leaders participating with a uniquely creative approach to conversation and education. Earlier this year, Ellen Steinke, a city-loving writer, improv comic and co-leader at Strong Towns Chicago, organized a sketch comedy show called “Funny You Should Care,” which is designed to help ordinary residents better understand pressing municipal issues and hear from local leaders. 

The first show Steinke wrote was to raise awareness about the city’s looming transportation crisis earlier this year: without essential funding, 40% of service would have been cut. It featured sketches, songs and interviews with city and institutional leaders, two of whom used information from the show to successfully argue for more funding on the floor of the state legislature and, ultimately, to save transit. In March, they launched a new run of shows focused on street safety and the benefits of quick-build infrastructure. Content from the show was used to educate state legislators and build public support for an omnibus bill that would allow quick-build projects on IDOT roads. That legislation is expected to pass in May. Shows scheduled for later this year will focus on street safety or “why it sucks to walk or drive in Chicago and how we can fix it.” 

The challenges are serious and the city is complex, but this approach — building relationships, showing up consistently and using creative tactics — shows what’s possible even in a big city when you focus on relationships, education, and making things approachable and fun

“A city like Chicago is great,” Groome said. “But it could be absolutely incredible. And it's part of why I love it so much. It's like, it's when you love someone [who] just can't stop making bad decisions. Maybe one day they’ll turn a corner and then you’ll see that incredible person that you know is there.”

A core insight of Strong Towns is the importance of walkability in creating a tightly woven and resilient community. The ability to casually and unselfconsciously experience your community simply by walking around it is a compelling vision, conjuring visions of front porch conversations and brief but meaningful interactions with one’s neighbors, to say nothing of the freedom to easily attend to one’s errands without having to travel far from home. Of course, one challenge of this vision is that for many, it is now a distant and abstract one. Walkability can often be considered not only impractical in many places across North America, but even outright hard to imagine. As a result, many have trouble truly grasping it, leading the concept becoming almost a cliche, too often another checkbox in a city’s strategic plan without any real idea of what it entails or how to actually achieve it.

Here in Batavia, Illinois, our Local Conversation group helps to bridge the walkability perception gap by running what we call Ward Walks, wherein we take a walk around town to see just how easy it is to reach common destinations. And what is perhaps the most commonly desired destination than an ice cream shop?

Being able to take a walk to get ice cream on a whim is practically a quintessential American ideal, which makes it ironic that it’s so hard to do in so many of our towns and cities. It’s precisely this expectation that the Ward Walks highlight. As the name implies, each walk highlights a different ward (i.e., political district) around town, starting at a city park and traversing toward an ice cream spot before walking back.

Batavia is an older town in Illinois, meaning that a variety of development patterns are represented. Some wards are quite old and represent a more traditional development pattern, with gridded streets and more mixed use development. Other parts of town are a lot newer and have more of the standard suburban development pattern. And as such, each walk presents different challenges and opportunities. Let's start with some of the easier walks.

Newer parts of town present trickier challenges. The very west side of town, Ward 7, features some of the most recent development, including a major arterial commercial corridor and more sparsely populated suburbs on the periphery. Walks here can be rather long, but there are still some decent ice cream options in the area, and some of the developments were built with pedestrian paths in mind. Getting to them can be a bit of an adventure once you get to the commercial corridor, however, as we often have to end up walking through parking lots, across a busy road, and through the much-vaunted “green space” when pedestrian infrastructure runs dry. These places are not natural places for walkers, but it’s still possible to find a destination and make a day of it.

Probably the hardest walks are in the southeast quadrant of town, such as Ward 1, which features no ice cream destinations at all. Our best bet here is often to actually walk out of the city limits entirely, to another commercial corridor just south of Batavia. The difficulty of this is mitigated somewhat thanks to an excellent local “rails-to-trails” bike path which includes a bridge over the city’s eastside stroad (the infamous “Killer Kirk”), but the distance makes this a trek out of reach for the faint of heart. As an added difficulty bonus, we usually chose a more circuitous walk back to get more variety and see more of the challenges in these more heavily suburban neighborhoods.

What’s most interesting about the Ward Walks is the sheer variety of experiences one can get from them. Not only do we get to see the many ways one's experience outside of a car can be helped or hindered, but we get to see details about the town that might otherwise be missed. During one Ward Walk, a local resident joined us and led us into a secluded stretch of neighborhood that’s not even technically part of the city, instead being a historical island all unto itself!

Other journeys can reveal significant problems that may otherwise go unnoticed. One time, we came across a bus stop along a major arterial that had been completely destroyed, leaving only the concrete pad and a bunch of broken glass. Which also brings me to another aspect of the Ward Walk: they are an excellent opportunity for community service, such as bringing a trash bag for litter pickup. The joy of the Ward Walk is that it can be a simple event that is quite flexible.

If you’re feeling really adventurous, don’t even make a planned route: just pick a starting point and destination. Finding out how navigable your city is can be a lesson all its own! So if you ever wanted to see your city from a new perspective, and to share the experience with your neighbors, consider starting your own Ward Walks. They’re not only good exercise, but can open up new relationships and civic engagement options, as well.

A small town known for its surfing, beaches and local shops, Sheboygan is the kind of place through which you might envision yourself meandering on a breezy Saturday afternoon in the summer. But unfortunately — thanks to car-oriented design, an overabundance of parking lots and fast drivers — the streets of this small city are dangerous for pedestrians and bikers. 

Everyday, long-time Sheboygan resident Kate Krause sees drivers speeding through the stop sign outside the coffee shop she owns. When an employee rented an apartment across the street, she warned him: “You now have a more dangerous commute crossing this intersection.”  

Several years ago, there was no central person, process or department dedicated to receiving complaints about pedestrian and bike safety and proposing solutions. So Krause and several other residents came together to start an effort to bring awareness to biking and pedestrian safety issues. That eventually became Sheboygan Active Transportation, a Strong Towns Local Conversation group that has been advocating for safety ever since.

The group does this in a variety of ways, from hosting a monthly book club and critical mass rides to showing up to give comments in support of various initiatives. They’ve presented amendments to Department of Transportation plans and built a parklet that hosts hundreds of people every week for summer concerts.  

Building the parklet in particular took patience, creativity and a willingness to iterate over time. Finding the right person on city staff to speak with wasn’t easy and the design went through several edits, but working with materials they had (like cement barriers and old bleachers from a former armory) they were able to bring it to life, sparking more creative ideas. Shortly after its launch, a donor stepped up to sponsor summer music shows. The city lists it on their Park and Rec website as a site reservable for events and, when the local farmer’s market outgrew its space, the example of the parklet helped the city more quickly embrace street closures as part of the expansion plan. 

These outcomes are inspiring, but in some ways, the local advocates' work is less about achieving certain outcomes and more about helping the city embrace a more incremental attitude towards change. “The city government is not set up to do these trial projects,” Local Conversation leader Bryan Kelly explained in an interview, reflecting on a failed attempt to get a bike lane installed. “Everything is set up to do everything all at once as a completed project.” 

Working with the city can be difficult, but he’s encouraged by recent signs of receptivity. The city is currently working through its zoning code to allow ADUs and cottage courts and is embracing parking maximums. “We’re making some steps in the right direction.”  

Ultimately, steering Sheboygan toward a stronger future will require leadership that can see the value of taking a more experiential approach. This is why Kelly ran for a seat on the Common Council on a platform of “safe streets, strong community and responsible spending.” As of earlier this month, he’s now representing District 8 and after years of being an engaged citizen. 

The changes unfolding in Sheboygan are small. Shifts in processes, leadership and mindset will take time. But Sheboygan is a surfing town and all surfers know that many good swells start small: the key is knowing how to catch and ride them well. If town leadership and citizens can keep taking these small steps towards a stronger future, who knows what’s possible.

Matt Rofougaran always had a passion for hosting community events, but his home town of Tysons, Virginia, never had a reputation for being much fun.

Tysons is a suburb of Washington, D.C., mostly consisting of office towers, wide roads and parking lots.

When the Washington Metro extended its Silver Line out to Tysons in 2014, it created opportunities to build more homes, jobs and destinations. The local government put together an ambitious growth plan, aiming to transform Tysons into a vibrant “downtown” for the wider county.

One day, while on vacation, Rofougaran walked into a beer garden in Germany and immediately felt what Tysons was missing. The energy. The vibrancy. He loved it.

He wanted to bring that feeling home. But in Tysons, land was priced for office towers, not a tent selling beer.

“It's not happening,” he remembers thinking to himself.

But then he saw an opportunity. With all the construction and redevelopment in Tysons, the area has lots of vacant land. Often, developers have to wait years for a permit before they can start building. Why not do something with it while they wait?

So he approached a developer with the idea of building a temporary bar on land that was slated for an office tower, and the developer said yes. The county allowed the temporary use.

Rofougaran took an empty piece of grass next to one of the train stations and turned it into one of Tysons’ most popular destinations — Biergarten, an outdoor bar and patio area that sometimes attracted hundreds of people at a time.

In the end, this temporary business model solved two problems at once: create a gathering place for local residents and office workers, and minimize the impact of vacant land.

Why Vacant Lots Risk Undermining Suburban Redevelopment Plans

Vacant lots are common in places experiencing redevelopment, but they pose major problems for cities.

For one, they undermine people’s sense of comfort on the street and discourage people from walking there, and can encourage social disorder and crime. Vacant parcels also cut the value of nearby properties by as much as 2.3% per vacant lot (within 500 feet). In Philadelphia, research found these lots reduced home values by an average of $8,000. Empty land can cause a contagion effect, in which reduced property values discourage development, leading to more vacancies, which further cuts property values.

All this is particularly dangerous for a place like Tysons, which is undergoing a major transformation from a car-dependent, suburban office district into a walkable downtown, as outlined in its comprehensive plan.

The plan has attracted investment — 13.6 million square feet of development since 2010. In some places, it really is starting to feel like a proper downtown. But between these pockets of downtown-style growth, there are vast stretches of rundown, underused properties. If vacant lots discourage investment, it could sap developers’ confidence in the area’s future, and could cause this transformation to stall.

As of late 2025, there are over 150 development applications that have yet to begin construction in Tysons (compared to 34 that have already been built, and another four under construction). While these properties await development, many remain vacant or underused, which risks undermining momentum for the community’s transformation.

The most concerning are projects that have been approved, but where developers have not started construction, whether due to high interest rates, reduced demand in offices since the pandemic, or other reasons. If these projects do not move forward, it may create a self-fulfilling fear among developers that Tysons is no longer a successful place worth betting on.

How can cities prevent this kind of stagnation? Rofougaran’s beer-tent experiment offers a solution.

How Temporary Businesses Can Bring Life to Empty Land

In 2019, Rofougaran’s beer garden had to move because the developer was ready to build. So he struck a new deal with another developer who had vacant land that is awaiting approvals. In 2024, we got to visit the new location, called Shipgarten, while in Tysons to help the local community association develop a new placemaking framework.

Shipgarten replaced an empty piece of grass with seven bars (in and outside tents), and four restaurants (in shipping containers). Instead of being a dead zone, the place is now full of people.

Rofougaran’s goal was to create as many reasons to visit as possible. Each restaurant has a different theme: from Persian pizza to German-Bavarian-American fusion. Outside, there are games like cornhole and a giant chessboard.

Dogs are allowed everywhere. There’s a fenced-in dog park and even a dog food menu. For kids, it has a playground and two bouncy castles. Shipgarten is fenced in, so parents can enjoy a drink in peace while their kids play, without having to worry they will run into a road.

Shipgarten puts on music shows for adults, but they also hold regular events for kids, like petting zoos, magicians, superheroes, and an egg hunt for Easter.  

“There’s been a great, great response from the community,” said Rofougaran.

Soon, Rofougaran plans to open more locations in nearby communities, including Reston, another suburban office district undergoing a similar transformation.

In most cities, most of the time, this land would have stayed a dead space, keeping people away. Instead it has become one the main places where local residents and office workers can gather. The government also receives tax revenue from a plot that would otherwise generate little. And crucially, the business sends the signal that Tysons is a place where people want to be.

How to Enable Temporary Uses That Support Public Life

Often, cities focus on major, long-term projects when they try to encourage change. But initiatives like Shipgarten show that temporary uses can be just as effective. More than that, they help reduce the risk that vacant lots pose to major redevelopment projects. By bringing vibrancy today, they communicate that a place is worth investing in for the long run.

However, many cities are still learning how to regulate temporary uses. As a food and beverage retail space, Shipgarten had to be approved through the rezoning process for the site, and needed a site plan and building permits. It was the first time the county had seen shipping containers proposed for a public gathering place, according to local planners. The building code also doesn’t differentiate between interim and temporary uses, meaning that Shipgarten had to follow code for permanent structures. But the County’s planning team hopes that the process will be smoother for future projects.

“We were able to get to a place where the shipping containers can be relocated without needing to go through such an extensive approval process next time,” wrote a Fairfax County representative in an email. “It was a learning process for all involved with the goal being that for future interim uses, the process is more streamlined.”

Other cities have discovered the value of temporary projects. Halifax turned the site of a future hospital into a community garden for seven years. Montreal regularly builds temporary public spaces on vacant lots, including a community garden and a minigolf course on the site of future social housing. Vancouver piloted a program to build modular housing on land awaiting redevelopment. A program in Australia allows artists to use vacant buildings as temporary storefronts and studios.

These uses are temporary, but they can create permanent change. They support the economic conditions for human-scaled development, helping communities achieve ambitious goals around local business, social connection, and walkability. And they open opportunities for people like Matt — who found his passion and livelihood in making his community a better place to live.

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This article was originally published, in slightly different form, on Happy Cities. It is shared here with permission.

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For West Allis, a small Wisconsin city about eight miles west of Milwaukee, becoming a strong town has required facing difficult realities head on and reaching for creative solutions. 

After Allis-Chalmers, the city’s largest manufacturer, closed shop in 1999, the city’s economy nosedived. Thousands of people were laid off and many moved away. West Allis became a place people avoided. Being landlocked and completely built out, typical options for “recovery” were off the table. There was no big development to subsidize, no big employer coming in to save the day with thousands of jobs, no budget to pay a consultant. 

But maybe that’s a good thing. After all, most of these typical “solutions” often only serve to drive cities into greater fiscal troubles down the line. Instead, city staff and leaders began reaching for a series of simpler but smarter actions they could take to make their town a more resilient place using the resources they already had. 

“Without knowing it, they were reaching for Strong Towns solutions,” said staff planner Emily Wagner, who nominated West Allis for this year's Strongest Town Contest.  

So what were the creative solutions they embraced? In 2022, they removed parking minimums and adopted maximums citywide. The reasoning was simple: “Density translates into value,” Economic Development Director Steve Schaer explained in an interview with me. “More brick and mortar rather than more parking lots [strengthens] our city’s tax base.”

They also reformed zoning to allow for more diverse types of housing. Since COVID, they’ve added 2,000 units of missing middle housing and in 2025, they legalized ADUs. These decisions have made West Allis attractive to more young people and also more affordable: they currently boast a 1.8% vacancy rate.

They’ve also intentionally come alongside small businesses, finding ways to help them grow and scale. From 2019 to 2022, they became a Kiva city, earmarking $100,000 as matching funds for entrepreneurs who secured Kiva funding. They’ve streamlined permitting processes and, through various financing programs, have helped business owners bridge various funding gaps, whether that’s their grant facade program or the Economic Development Loan Program, which exists to provide the capital that banks won’t. Red tape still exists, but by providing comprehensive roadmaps and a variety of resources, they hope to make it easier for business owners to jump through the hoops.  

Seeking to become fiscally resilient, they’ve merged various city services with nearby communities to save money. In 2024, they merged health departments with the nearby city of Greenfield and earlier this year, they merged fire services with the city of Wauwatosa, a move that will save them $7 million over five years and allow them to qualify for State Innovation Fund grants, which could bring in $16–21 million each over the same time period. 

Like many post-industrial cities, West Allis has its challenges. They have to work hard to compete for developers willing to work on brownfield sites without the typical incentives (Wagner told me they try to be very careful about how they use TIF funding schemes). Downtown’s main street is a state-owned trucking route, making it a tough place to foster the level of foot traffic needed to support local businesses. They’ve received some resistance from business owners and other residents who chafe against the idea of change. 

But for a city like West Allis, there is no other option: “It’s 'grow or die,'” as Schaer put it in his conversation with Norm Van Eeden Petersman on the "Bottom-Up Shorts" podcast. Surviving into the future requires them to do things differently. Relying on one large employer, prioritizing suburban-style development and accepting car-oriented downtowns aren’t viable options anymore. 

For West Allis, it’s all about appreciating what it already has and finding ways to build upon that. “The city is very resilient,” Schaer said. “We’ve got great amenities to work with: sidewalks throughout most of the community, a grid network of streets, public transportation, a farmer’s market … we’re really trying to build upon those amenities and overcome some of the stigma from the past.”